Knowing true samples of vicars and Caliphs is one of the important problems and challenges between Muslims in history of ISLAM. In Shi’ite opinion, other samples against legitimate successors arrogate vicar of prophet in mistaken way. Sufferance and Putin of Sunni Muslims with violence Ahl-al-bayt’s vicar and surrogate is very peculiar and exotic therefore it’s reasons must Reviewed. SUPERFICIAL EMBRACE of ISLAM in operation of some Sahaba, effect of party and individual tacts, opposition of Ghoraysh with Ahl-al-bayt, power and wealth of Ahl-al-bayt’s enemies, are important reasons that cause deviation in Ahl-al-bayt’s vicar and surrogate.

As the primary scholarly reference for Western researchers delving into the Quran, ISLAMic studies, and the lives of prophets and imams, the Encyclopaedia of ISLAM is invaluable. Nonetheless, a thorough evaluation of the articles and research contained within is essential to determining their credibility and scholarly consistency. Studying and examining the works of Orientalists about the Qur'an, ISLAMic sciences, and teachings is an undeniable thing for Muslims. Considering the position of Imam Ali (AS) as the first Imam of the Shias and his superior position in the beliefs of the Shias, orientalists have studied various aspects of his life in their studies and have presented two completely different points of view: A positive and optimistic perspective resulting from Western scholars' study of authoritative texts that explains and praises His scientific approach to interpretation, law, politics, jurisprudence, rhetoric, and more. The negative perspective resulting from a biased viewpoint and the failure to utilise authentic Muslim sources ultimately leading to skeptical opinions regarding the exalted character of Imam Ali (AS). The majority of the articles in this book stem from the intellectual efforts of Western researchers, but regrettably, their lack of access to reference sources has resulted in serious errors. In this research, using the library method through an analytical and critical approach, we will examine the work of Robert Gleave, an impartial and positive orientalist, about Imam Ali (AS) and then examine and criticize the doubts raised by him. In conclusion, the results of the research indicated that Orientalists' lack of access to authentic ISLAMic sources, coupled with their prejudice and partiality, led to their inability to correctly introduce this Imam to Western society.

Abstract This passage is a part of an ethics lesson presented by Allameh Misbah Yazdi about ISLAM and faith, exposition and interpretation and their differences. Since faith plays a prominent role in achieving human perfection, man’s real perfection is faith. In fact, faith is a necessary condition for attaining human perfection and happiness. Although some people believe that faith and ISLAM are equal and every Muslim is also a believer, it should be noted that ISLAM is declared by simply saying, Lā ilāha illā llāh, Muhammadun rasūl Allāh (there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah). However, faith is not like that. A believer is a person who acts according to what ISLAM has stated. Furthermore, he/she must not commit any major sins. The word Iman (faith) is derived from the root words "Amn" and "Amniyat" meaning trust and confidence. Therefore, it can be argued that ISLAM is of two types: 1. The SUPERFICIAL ISLAM declared by saying the shahada (the Muslim profession of faith); 2. The true ISLAM that means truly believing in and confirming what God has revealed and stated, in order to provide the basis for enjoying eternal happiness.

Neuroscience has recently contributed a lot to the understanding of aesthetic experience features. Science, art and creativity are not really distinctively different entities. The parallelism seen between the properties of art and organizational principals of the brain has been highlighted through neuroaesthetic studies.Aesthetic as a subjective experience has comprehensively been studies through neuro-scientific, psychological, sociologic and cultural standpoints.This is a controversial topic in cognitive neuroscience, meanwhile seemingly varied results of the conducted researches in this field may be conceptualized in a framework linking aesthetics to neuroscience of affective visual processing, reward circuitries and the nature of decision making. Approaching the question of art-brain parallelism, is along side with elucidating the relation between perception and aesthetic experience, and the features of aesthetic judgment and reward. Moreover, other factors such as cultural underpinnings undoubtedly come into play.In this review we used expert opinions and literary notions to present a report on how neuroscience has so far elaborated on different features of the aesthetic phenomenon hoping to probe areas of neuroaeshetic research which can potentially assess our cultural interface with the aesthetics and cognitive neuroscience.

Background and Aim: It has been shown that bonding agents reduce the sealant micro-leakage especially after salivary contamination. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of a bonding agent (Single-Bond) and salivary contamination on a sealant micro-leakage (EMBRACE).Materials and Methods: In this study a wet-bonding sealant (EMBRACE) was used in 64 sound human premolars after being etched with 35% phosphoric acid. The sealant micro-leakage was investigated under four different conditions: 1) Saliva + Bonding, 2) with bonding alone, 3) with saliva and 4) sealant alone. After thermocycling process, the teeth were covered with wax & nail polish except for 1-1.5 mm around the sealant. The samples were rinsed after immersed in 0.5% basic - fushin solution for 24 hours. Two buccolingual sections were prepared from central and proximal areas of the crowns. The micro-leakage was assessed according to the degree of dye penetration around the sealants. Results: Dye penetration occurred in 5 cases of group 3 which was more than other groups. In the first group, 8 cases had a score more than 1, one less than the other groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test did not show any significant statistical differences between the groups. Conclusion: The use of a bonding agent, prior to application of a Wet-bonding fissure sealant, does not have a significant effect on the micro-leakage of EMBRACE Sealant in isolated or saliva contaminated conditions.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works